What does 'roman a clef' refer to in literature?

The term 'roman a clef' refers to a novel that incorporates real-life figures, events, or circumstances, often thinly disguised. This means that a deep understanding of the context or the individuals being referenced significantly enhances the reader's comprehension and enjoyment of the narrative. The term literally translates from French to "novel with a key," indicating that there exists a key to understanding the references made within the text.

In this context, the option indicating that a roman a clef requires real-life knowledge for comprehension is accurate because the reader must recognize the real-life counterparts to fully appreciate the commentary, satire, or insight being offered by the author. Such novels may delve into political, social, or personal verities, needing readers to connect fictional personalities or situations with the actual world to grasp the full implications of the story.

The other options do not accurately represent the essence of a roman a clef, as they either focus on themes, formats, or moral lessons that do not align with the key characteristics of this specific literary genre.